1. Te āhua whakataetae i roto i te umanga whāngai kararehe
E ai ki ngā tatauranga ahumahi whāngai ā-motu, i ngā tau tata nei, ahakoa kua piki haere te hanga whāngai a Haina, kua heke haere te maha o ngā umanga ahumahi whāngai i Haina. Ko te take, kei te neke haere te umanga whāngai o Haina mai i te ahunga whānui ki te ahunga kaha, ā, kei te whakakapia haeretia ngā umanga iti he iti te hangarau whakaputa me te kounga hua, me te iti hoki o te mōhiotanga waitohu. I taua wā anō, nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā kaiwhakataetae me te hanganga anō o ngā umanga, me te pikinga ake o ngā utu mahi me ngā rauemi mata, kei te heke te taumata hua o ngā umanga whāngai, ā, ka taea tonu e ngā umanga whakaputa nui te mahi i roto i te whakataetae umanga.
Ko ngā umanga whakaputa nui ia, ka whakamahi i ā rātou ōhanga tauine, ka hopu i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakaurunga ahumahi hei whakawhānui i ō rātou kaha whakaputa mā te whakakotahitanga, mā te whakatūtūtanga rānei i ngā turanga whakaputa hou, hei whakarei ake i te kukū me te whai huatanga o te ahumahi, me te whakatairanga i te panoni haere o te umanga whāngai kai o Haina ki te tauine me te whakanui ake.
2. He huringa, he rohe, he wā hoki te ahumahi whāngai kai
(1) Rohe
He āhuatanga ā-rohe ngā rohe whakaputa o te umanga whāngai kararehe o Haina, nā ēnei take e whai ake nei: tuatahi, he whānui te rohe o Haina, ā, he rerekētanga nui ngā momo hua me ngā hua witi i whakatōkia ki ngā rohe rerekē. He nui te ōwehenga o te whāngai kukū me te whāngai kua whakaranua i te raki, ko te whāngai matū te nuinga e whakamahia ana i te tonga; Tuarua, he hononga tata te umanga whāngai kararehe ki te umanga whakatipu ika, ā, nā te rerekētanga o ngā tikanga kai me ngā momo whakatipu i ngā rohe rerekē, he rerekētanga ā-rohe anō hoki te whāngai. Hei tauira, i ngā rohe takutai moana, ko te whakatipu ika te tikanga matua, i te Tai Rāwhiti me te Tai Hauāuru o Haina, he nui ake ngā kararehe ruminantia e whakatipuria ana mō ngā kau me ngā hipi; Tuatoru, he tino kaha te whakataetae i roto i te umanga whāngai kararehe o Haina, he iti te tawhē hua whānui, he uaua me te kanorau ngā rauemi mata, he rerekē ngā takenga mai, me te poto o te rohe kawe. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o te umanga whāngai kararehe e whakamahi ana i te tauira o te "whakatū wheketere ā-motu, te whakahaere kotahi, me te mahi ā-rohe". Hei whakarāpopototanga, he āhuatanga ā-rohe te umanga whāngai kararehe i Haina.
(2) Te Āhuatanga o te Wā
He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te umanga whāngai kararehe, tae atu ki ngā rauemi mata o te umanga whāngai kararehe, pērā i te kānga me te pīni soya, me te ahumahi whāngai kararehe o te rohe, e pā tata ana ki te ahuwhenua kararehe o te motu. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā rauemi mata o te rohe ngā āhuatanga nui e pā ana ki te umanga whāngai kararehe.
Ko ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata nui pērā i te kānga me te pīni soya i te taha whakarunga ka pāngia e ētahi rerekētanga o ngā mākete o roto me tāwāhi, ngā āhuatanga o te ao, me ngā āhuatanga huarere, e pā ana ki te utu o te umanga whāngai, ā, muri iho ka pā ki ngā utu whāngai. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, i roto i te wā poto, ka rerekē anō hoki ngā utu me ngā utu whāngai. Ko te rarangi taonga o te umanga ahumoana o raro ka pāngia e ngā āhuatanga pērā i ngā mate kararehe me ngā utu mākete, ā, he rerekētanga anō hoki o ngā rarangi taonga me ngā hoko, e pā ana ki te tono mō ngā hua whāngai ki tētahi taumata. Nō reira, he āhuatanga huringa kei roto i te umanga whāngai i roto i te wā poto.
Heoi, i te whakapai tonutanga o ngā paerewa oranga o te tangata, kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō te mīti pūmua kounga teitei, ā, kei te mau tonu te whanaketanga pumau o te umanga whāngai katoa. Ahakoa he rerekētanga o te hiahia mō ngā whāngai nā ngā mate kararehe o muri mai pērā i te kirika poaka Āwherika, i te wā roa, kāore he auau mārama o te umanga whāngai katoa. I taua wā anō, kua piki ake te kukū o te umanga whāngai, ā, kei te whai tata ngā umanga matua o te umanga i ngā huringa o te hiahia mākete, me te whakatikatika kaha i ngā rautaki hua me te hokohoko, ā, ka taea te whai hua mai i te tipu pumau o te hiahia mākete.
(3) Ngā āhuatanga o te wā
He kaha te āhuarangi ahurea i ngā wā hararei i Haina, inā koa i ngā wā whakanui pērā i te Hakari o te Koanga, te Hakari o te Waka Tarakona, te Hakari o Waenganui o te Ngahuru, me te Rā ā-Motu. Ka piki ake hoki te hiahia o te iwi mō ngā momo mīti. Ko te tikanga ka whakanui ake ngā umanga whakatipu i ā rātou taonga i mua i te wā hei whakatau i te pikinga o te hiahia i ngā wā hararei, ka hua ake he nui te hiahia mō te kai i mua i te hararei. I muri i te hararei, ka heke te hiahia o ngā kaihoko mō ngā kararehe, heihei, mīti, me te ika, ā, ka ngoikore hoki te mahi a te umanga ahuwhenua ika katoa, ka hua ake he wā kore kai. Mō te kai poaka, nā te maha o ngā hakari i te haurua tuarua o te tau, koinei te wā tino nui mō te hiahia mō te kai, te whakaputa, me te hoko.
3. Te āhua o te tuku me te tono o te umanga whāngai kararehe
E ai ki te "China Feed Industry Yearbook" me te "National Feed Industry Statistics" i tukuna e te Tari Ahumahi Whāngai ā-Motu i roto i ngā tau, mai i te tau 2018 ki te 2022, i piki ake te hanga whāngai ahumahi o Haina mai i te 227.88 miriona tana ki te 302.23 miriona tana, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 7.31%.
Mai i te tirohanga a ngā momo whāngai, ko te ōwehenga o te whāngai matū te mea teitei rawa atu, ā, kei te mau tonu te ia o te tipu tere. I te tau 2022, ko te ōwehenga o te whakaputanga whāngai matū i roto i te whakaputanga whāngai katoa he 93.09%, e whakaatu ana i te ia piki haere. He hononga tata tēnei ki te tukanga whakanui ake i te umanga ahuwhenua ika o Haina. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā umanga ahuwhenua ika nui ka hoko i ngā kai whāngai whānui me te tika, ko ngā kaimahi pāmu iti ia ka penapena i ngā utu ahuwhenua mā te hoko i ngā ranunga kua whakaritea, i ngā matū whakawhāiti rānei, me te tukatuka i aua mea hei whakaputa i ā rātou ake whāngai. Ina koa i muri i te pakarutanga mai o te kirika poaka i Āwherika, kia pai ake ai te whakarite i te haumaru koiora o ngā pāmu poaka, ko ngā umanga whakatipu poaka ka hoko i ngā hua miraka poaka i roto i te huarahi kotahi, kaua ki te hoko i ngā ranunga kua whakaritea me ngā rauemi whakawhāiti mō te tukatuka i te papaanga.
Ko te whāngai poaka me te whāngai heihei ngā momo matua o te hanganga hua whāngai o Haina. E ai ki te "China Feed Industry Yearbook" me te "National Feed Industry Statistical Data" i tukuna e te Tari Ahumahi Whāngai ā-Motu i roto i ngā tau, ko te putanga o ngā momo whāngai i roto i ngā momo whakatipuranga rerekē i Haina mai i te tau 2017 ki te tau 2022.
4. Taumata hangarau me ngā āhuatanga o te umanga whāngai
He wāhanga nui tonu te umanga whāngai kararehe o te ahuwhenua hou, e ārahi ana i te panonitanga me te whakapai ake i te mekameka umanga kararehe mā te auahatanga. Nā ngā mahi a te umanga, te ao mātauranga, me te rangahau, kua whakatairangahia e te umanga whāngai te whanaketanga ahuwhenua pumau i roto i ngā wāhanga pēnei i te auahatanga tauira kai, te kai tōtika, me te whakakapinga paturopi. I taua wā anō, kua whakatairangahia e ia te whakamōhiotanga me te mātauranga o te umanga whāngai i roto i ngā taputapu me ngā tukanga whakaputa, me te whakamana i te mekameka umanga whāngai mā te hangarau matihiko.
(1) Taumata hangarau o te whāngai
I te tere haere o te ao ahuwhenua me te hohonu haere o te rangahau whāngai, kua noho te arotautanga o te hanganga tauira kai hei kaupapa matua mō te whakataetae a ngā umanga whakaputa whāngai. Ko te rangahau i ngā kai whāngai hou me ō rātou whakakapinga kua noho hei huarahi whanaketanga o te umanga, e whakatairanga ana i te kanorau me te tika o te hanganga tauira kai.
Ko te utu whāngai te wāhanga matua o ngā utu whakatipu, ā, ko ngā rauemi mata nui pērā i te kānga me te paraoa pīni soya ngā wāhanga matua o te utu whāngai. Nā te piki me te heke o te utu o ngā rauemi mata whāngai pērā i te kānga me te paraoa pīni soya, me te whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā kawemaitanga o ngā pīni soya, kua noho ko te kimi huarahi kē atu hei whakaiti i ngā utu whāngai hei whakaiti i ngā utu whāngai. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā momo otinga rerekē mō ngā umanga whāngai e hangai ana ki ngā rohe whakaputa rauemi mata kē atu me ngā painga ā-whenua o ngā umanga whāngai. Mō te whakakapinga paturopi, me te whakapainga o te hangarau, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā hinu kakara tipu, ngā probiotics, ngā whakaritenga whākōkī, me ngā probiotics. I taua wā anō, kei te rangahau tonu ngā umanga ahumahi i ngā kaupapa whakakotahitanga whakakapinga paturopi, e whakatairanga ana i te mimiti o ngā matūkai whāngai i ngā āhuatanga katoa mā roto i ngā whakakotahitanga tāpiri, me te whakatutuki i ngā pānga whakakapinga pai.
I tēnei wā, kua nui ngā whanaketanga o ngā umanga whāngai matua o te umanga i roto i te ao o te whakakapinga rauemi mata, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakautu pai ki ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu rauemi mata mā te whakakapinga rauemi mata; kua ahu whakamua te whakamahinga o ngā tāpiringa anti-microbial, engari kei te raru tonu te whakarerekē i te huinga o ngā tāpiringa, te whāngai mutunga rānei kia tutuki ai te kai tino pai mō te whāngai.
5. Ngā Auahatanga Whanaketanga o te Ahumahi Whāngai
(1) Te whakarerekētanga me te whakapai ake i te umanga whāngai kai i roto i te tauine me te kaha
I tēnei wā, kei te kaha haere te whakataetae i roto i te umanga whāngai, ā, kua whakaatuhia e ngā umanga tukatuka whāngai nui ngā painga whakataetae nui i roto i te rangahau me te whakawhanake i ngā tauira whāngai, te whakahaere utu hoko rauemi mata, te whakahaere kounga hua whāngai, te hanga pūnaha hoko me te waitohu, me ngā ratonga i muri mai. I te marama o Hūrae 2020, ko te whakatinanatanga whānui o te ture ārai mate urutā me te pikinga tonu o ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata whāngai nui pērā i te kānga me te paraoa pīni soya kua tino pā ki ngā umanga tukatuka whāngai iti me te rahi. Kei te heke te tawhē hua whānui o te umanga, e whakawhāiti tonu ana i te wāhi ora o ngā umanga whāngai iti me te rahi. Ka āta wehe atu ngā umanga tukatuka whāngai iti me te rahi i te mākete, ā, ka nui haere te wāhi mākete o ngā umanga nui.
(2) Te arotau tonu i ngā tātai
I te mea kei te piki haere te mōhiotanga ki ngā mahi a ngā rauemi mata i roto i te umanga me te whakapai tonu i ngā pātengi raraunga whakatipu uri i raro iho, kei te piki haere tonu te tika me te whakaritenga o ngā tauira kai a te umanga. I taua wā anō, ko te taiao pāpori me te ōhanga me te piki haere o te hiahia o te kaihoko kei te akiaki tonu i ngā umanga tauira kai kia whai whakaaro ki te tiaki taiao iti-waro, te whakapai ake i te kounga mīti, me ngā kai mahi tāpiri i te wā e hanga ana i ngā tauira kai. Kei te whakaurua tonutia te kai iti-pūmua, te kai mahi, me ētahi atu hua kai ki te mākete, ko te arotakenga tonu o ngā tauira kai te aronga whanaketanga ā-muri o te umanga kai.
(3) Whakapai ake i te kaha whakamana o ngā rauemi mata o te whāngai me te whakahaere i ngā utu whāngai
Ko ngā rauemi mata mō te whāngai ahumahi ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi mata pūngao, te kānga me te rauemi mata pūmua, te paraoa soya. I ngā tau tata nei, kua āta whakatikatikahia te hanganga o te umanga whakato o Haina, ā, kua pai ake te whai rawa o ngā rauemi mata whāngai. Heoi, kei te mau tonu te āhua o ngā rauemi mata whāngai pūmua o Haina e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kawemai, ā, ko te koretake o te āhua o te ao e piki ake ai ngā whakaritenga mō te kaha o te umanga whāngai ki te whakamana i ngā rauemi mata. Ko te whakapai ake i te kaha ki te whakamana i ngā rauemi mata whāngai he kōwhiringa kore e taea te karo hei whakaū i ngā utu me te kounga o ngā whāngai.
I a mātou e whakatairanga ana i te whakatikatika hanganga o te umanga whakato o Haina, me te whakapai ake i tōna oranga whaiaro, ka whakatairanga te umanga whāngai i te kanorau o ngā momo kawemai me ngā pūtake o ngā rauemi mata pūmua whāngai, pērā i te tūhura kaha i te pūmanawa tuku o ngā whenua huri noa i te "Belt and Road" me ētahi atu whenua hei whakarei ake i ngā rahui tuku, te whakapakari i te aroturuki, te aromatawai me te whakatūpato wawe i te āhuatanga tuku me te tono o ngā rauemi mata whāngai mā, me te whakamahi katoa i te taripa, te whakatikatika i te rohenga me ētahi atu tikanga hei hopu i te tere o te kawemai rauemi mata. I taua wā anō, ka whakapakari tonu mātou i te whakatairanga me te tono o ngā momo kai whāngai hou i roto i te motu, me te whakatairanga i te whakaiti i te ōwehenga o ngā rauemi mata pūmua i tāpirihia ki ngā tauira whāngai; te whakapakari i te rahui o te hangarau whakakapinga rauemi mata, me te whakamahi i te witi, te parei, me ētahi atu hei whakakapinga rauemi mata i runga i te whakarite i te kounga o te whāngai. Haunga ngā rauemi mata nui tuku iho, kei te whakamahi tonu te umanga whāngai i te pūmanawa mō te whakamahinga whāngai o ngā rauemi ahuwhenua me ngā rauemi taha, pērā i te tautoko i te whakamaroke me te whakamaroke i ngā hua pērā i te kūmara me te manioka, tae atu ki ngā hua taha ahuwhenua pērā i ngā hua me ngā huawhenua, ngā paru, me ngā rauemi turanga; Mā te whakahaere i te whakapūkara koiora me te tango paitini tinana i ngā hua taha o te tukatuka purapura hinu, ka whakaitihia tonutia te ihirangi o ngā matū ārai matūkai i roto i ngā rauemi ahuwhenua me te taha taha, ka whakapaitia te kounga o te pūmua, kātahi ka hurihia hei rauemi mata mō te whāngai e watea ana mō te hanga ahumahi, ka whakapai ake i te kaha taurangi o ngā rauemi mata mō te whāngai.
(4) Ka noho ko 'Hua+Ratonga' tētahi o ngā whakataetae matua o ngā umanga whāngai
I ngā tau tata nei, kua huri haere tonu te hanganga o te umanga ahuwhenua ika i raro i te ahumahi whāngai, ā, ko ētahi o ngā kaimahi pāmu kore utu me ngā umanga ahuwhenua ika iti e piki haere ana ki ngā pāmu whānau hou, ā, e wehe atu ana rānei i te mākete. Kei te whakaatu te hekenga o te umanga whāngai i tētahi ia o te tauine, ā, kei te whānui haere te wāhi mākete o ngā pāmu ahuwhenua ika nui, tae atu ki ngā pāmu whānau hou. Ko te "Hua+Ratonga" e pā ana ki te hanga motuhake me te whakarato hua e tutuki ai ngā hiahia whaiaro o ngā kiritaki e ngā umanga i runga i ā rātou whakaritenga. I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te umanga ahuwhenua ika i raro i te wai, kua noho ngā tauira ritenga hei huarahi nui ki te kukume i ngā kiritaki ahuwhenua ika nui i raro i te wai.
I roto i te tukanga ratonga, ka whakarite ngā umanga whāngai i tētahi mahere ratonga hua ahurei e uru ana ki te whakatikatika tonu me te arotau i te kai me te whakahaere i te papaanga mō tētahi kiritaki kotahi i runga i ā rātou taputapu, ira kahui poaka, me te āhua hauora. Haunga te hua whāngai tonu, me haere tahi te mahere me ngā akoranga e tika ana, te whakangungu, me te tohutohu hei āwhina i ngā kiritaki whakatipu uri i te huringa whānui mai i te pūmanawa me te taputapu, te whakatutuki i te whakapai ake i te whāngai, te aukati i ngā mate urutā, te whakatipu uri, te patu huakita, te tiaki hauora, te aukati me te whakahaere mate, me ngā mahi maimoatanga paru.
Ā tōna wā, ka whakaratohia e ngā kamupene whāngai kararehe ngā otinga hihiri e hangai ana ki ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi rerekē me ngā āhuatanga o ngā wā rerekē. I taua wā anō, ka whakamahia e ngā umanga ngā raraunga a ngā kaiwhakamahi hei whakatū i ā rātou ake pātengi raraunga, hei kohikohi i ngā mōhiohio tae atu ki te hanganga kai, ngā pānga whāngai, me te taiao whakatipu, hei tātari pai ake i ngā manakohanga me ngā matea tuturu o ngā kaipāmu, me te whakarei ake i te piripono o ngā kaihoko ki ngā umanga whāngai kararehe.
(5) Kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā pūmua kounga teitei me ngā hua kararehe me ngā hua heihei whai hua
I te whakapainga ake o ngā paerewa oranga o ngā kainoho o Haina, kua piki haere te hiahia mō ngā hua pūmua kounga teitei me ngā hua kararehe me ngā hua heihei whai hua i ia tau, pērā i te mīti kau, te reme, te ika me te mīti kōura, me te poaka kikokore. I roto i te wā pūrongo, i piki haere tonu te hanga kai ruminan me te kai wai i Haina, me te pupuri tonu i te tere tipu teitei.
(6) Ko te whāngai koiora tētahi o ngā ahumahi rautaki hou i Haina
Ko te whāngai koiora tētahi o ngā ahumahi rautaki hou o Haina. Ko te whāngai koiora e pā ana ki ngā hua whāngai i whakawhanakehia mā roto i ngā hangarau koiora pēnei i te hangarau whakapūkara, te hangarau whākōkī, me te hangarau pūmua mō ngā rauemi mata me ngā tāpiringa whāngai, tae atu ki te whāngai whakapūkara, te whāngai whākōkī, me ngā tāpiringa whāngai koiora. I tēnei wā, kua uru te umanga whāngai ki tētahi wā o ngā mahi whānui hei ārai i ngā mate urutā, me ngā utu nui o ngā rauemi mata whāngai tuku iho me te whakatikatika i te mate kirika poaka Awherika me ētahi atu mate. Kei te piki haere te pēhanga me ngā wero e pā ana ki te umanga whāngai me te umanga ahumoana i raro iho i ia rā, i ia rā. Kua noho ngā hua whāngai whakapūkara koiora hei wāhi rangahau me te tono puta noa i te ao i roto i te mara o te mahi kararehe nā ō rātou painga ki te whakahaere i te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi whāngai, te whakarite i te haumaru o ngā hua whāngai me ngā kararehe, me te whakapai ake i te taiao taiao.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua āta whakatūria ngā hangarau matua o te mekameka ahumahi whāngai koiora, ā, kua puta ngā whanaketanga hou i roto i te whakatipu huakita, ngā tukanga whakapūkara whāngai, ngā taputapu tukatuka, ngā tauira kai tāpiri, me te maimoatanga paru. I te heke mai, i raro i te papamuri o te aukati me te whakakapinga o ngā paturopi, ka tere ake te tipu o te whāngai koiora. I taua wā anō, me whakatū e te umanga whāngai he pātengi raraunga taketake mō te kai whāngai whakapūkara me te pūnaha aromatawai whai huatanga e rite ana, te whakamahi i te hangarau koiora mō te aroturuki hihiri, me te whakarato i ngā tukanga me ngā tukanga whakaputa whāngai koiora kua paerewa ake.
(7) Te whanaketanga matomato, te whanaketanga taiao, me te whanaketanga pumau
Ko te "Mahere Tau Rima 14" e whakamārama anō ana i te mahere whanaketanga ahumahi o te "whakatairanga i te whanaketanga matomato me te whakatairanga i te noho tahi pai i waenga i te tangata me te taiao". Ko te "Ngā Whakaaro Arataki mō te Whakateretere i te Whakatūnga me te Whakapai ake i te Pūnaha Ōhanga Whakawhanake Porowhita Kakariki me te Waro Iti" i whakaputaina e te Kaunihera ā-Motu e tohu ana hoki ko te whakatūnga me te whakapai ake i te pūnaha ōhanga whanaketanga porowhita matomato me te waro iti te rautaki matua hei whakaoti rapanga rauemi, taiao me te taiao o Haina. "He huarahi nui te matomato, te iti-waro, me te hoa-taiao" mō ngā umanga whāngai kia tutuki ai te whanaketanga pumau, ā, ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga ka aro tonu te umanga whāngai ā muri ake nei. Ko ngā pūtake parahanga kāore i rongoatia o ngā pāmu ahumoana he pānga kino ki te taiao, ā, ko te pūtake matua o te parahanga i roto i ngā pāmu ahumoana ko te paru kararehe, kei roto he nui ngā matū kino pēnei i te haukini me te hauwai whanariki. Ka parahangahia e ngā matū kino kua whakahuatia ake nei te wai me te oneone i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi, ā, ka pā pea ki te hauora o te kaihoko. Ko te whāngai, hei pūtake mō te whāngai kararehe, he pūnga matua ki te whakaiti i te parahanga ahumoana. Kei te kaha te hanga a ngā kamupene whāngai matua i roto i te umanga i tētahi pūnaha taurite kai pūtaiao me te taurite, me te whakapai ake i te nakunaku o te whāngai kararehe mā te tāpiri i ngā hinu kakara tipu, ngā whakaritenga whākōkī, me ngā whakaritenga moroiti ki te whāngai, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā tukunga o ngā matū e pā ana ki te taiao pēnei i te paru, te haukini, me te whākōkī. I te heke mai, ka haere tonu ngā umanga whāngai ki te hanga i ngā rōpū rangahau ngaio ki te rangahau me te whakawhanake i te hangarau koiora hou, me te kimi i te taurite i waenga i te matomato, te iti-waro me te whakahaere utu.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 10-2023